Abstract Background Biofilm formation is an essential virulence factor that creates a highly protected growth mode for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to survive in any hostile environment. Antibiotic sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) may modulate the biofilm formation ability of bacterial pathogens. thereby affecting bacterial pathogenesis and infection outcomes. https://thebrickes.shop/product-category/pillow-protector/